(C c 

< cc 



ccse c 

ccC c 
COC < 

c<rc c 



c 



C < CCC 

< cc * 

C0£ cc 

1 c <v £ - ' 

Cu < 
. £ cc < < 
C CC c< 

C:«sC Ci.CC* 

:c. cc «r ^c 
:<:«*: c cc 5 
«cc<: <c c cc < 






X C 

t" C. 



< < c . 

< c 

C «.*SJL 

<"< (C C<3C 



C <<r 

c cc 



cc c c< < 

'C 1 cc 
cc c 
CC c 
CC C c C 
c < 



c c 






< C <0 < < 

cc C C! v ' 

<^ 

( CC <" 1 C : 

c c - C " ' 
C C C 

« < < Cecil 

c c,c 

lu.CCC c ci- c 

c 

cr-*C C, 

C 

r c «r c 
C«CC ct 

cr c CC( < 

Cc«lc ■ c 



'C « 



c c 



c c 

c s 

c c 

ci< c 

c( c c 



cCjt ' 



-<r cc c 

CC Cf C 

C C:. C 

c * €T< c 

c c 



c. c c<l 



c cc cc 
■< CCC cc 

cr cc c 

c Cc cc c < 

c rcc* cc c 

C C < f v C C 

c CCX c C C 

< c <Tc a c c < 

C CCCccCC < <3 



LIBRARY OF S 




Metf .'A.5.. 



:c <cd < 

crc<<cc c 
Cc i 



s: c 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



CC ci 
cc c 

c c c 

ccc cr 
cc \ 

? c ^ c c: 



«EC '<«! C> « ,«c 



C 



C < CC c 

1 <: cc; < 
c c <rc < ( 

: cc < 

c cc c 

c f c c 

C< CCv << 
c 

C cc 

C C c 

5< ccc^c 

C ( <\ c 

< CC <l C 

C <X -^ Ch,C 

< 



i 



c cc ^ 

a. (. <. cc c 

- 1 C ; C: CC ( 

( . , - C,C- ', 

cU 

< C C ' c 

^ c 

C< <C cc C C, 

CC « < C<cC 

1 < « c 

cc < ^ 

cc ^c < 

- 

c c 

<■■ c< C 

: C cc 5 
ccc c< 

Ci cc 



1 CCi 

TCc^ 

cCc' 



< c < c _<*_ 



^;<J C CC« C 

CCC 



<c cc <v<: < 



cc cy>< 



cc 

c < 
<iC< 




c c < 

C c ^fc« 

c c c c 

c <■ c ^ *: 

C x cu.C i 

C •( c-o c c 

^ C v C* ^L 

C - ^*C%.« 

c r 

. _C i <?<C ' 



- 
c- 1 v c< 

, <; f . 

C • C 4, 

• CJkC cccCC 
1 c « 

c» 

cc c < * 

CC C9 

c c - cc c< 

cc cccc CC CC C 

'- '■ 



v c < .■> c C< 

< < < ■■■ < < 

_ <l C C 

K. « t. < . « « <■ «" 

c < C C ( 

C c< c U c c 

<CC C C U CcC C 
- C <L C t. C V" C 



c^Qa : s§ 



C «C 



• c c cc o cc: v 
C C C «CC c Cd C 



c^xtc 1 



- 

JC C«C ' «C *C 



<a< c Cc • «C 

- < C CCc '"<C 

: G 

" C 



<L~ <?9L 



ec£C. v, 
c«. 

: C C CC 

(&< CC 



C C C ? C . <* C 

c c c c cc c «£ 

: c^§^CC£ 

— < < <:. << c <c c 
< ccsrcoc \r <r 

c c <mcc< ? c - 

c CCCC CC C 
c d«^vc C<CC 
C C «^ C C c c 
C c« C C c C 

' CCCCCCC. C- <: 
C <Cc C < CC C 



c C C c <v CCC 

c c c f c« Cs< < 



c £ CL< c c c <. 
c cccx - < C( : 

-it < cc 

tCCCc< 
X c c c c 
Xc - c c c 

co c 

C V 

ccxc 

c c 
C c 

C ■ C v C 

c c «l c c 

- £«*2s ore cc 
CC CC CC 

c ccc c c c c 
c tcct cc 

c c CT c c «■ <■ 



cc CC CCCcC C 

S*>c <Cccc v 

V C CC <CC 

C-C «R C<: 

£.' c cccc c 

CcC Cc < .. 

&ec ccc (( csi 
C^'C CCC 

^CC*> CaI c 
CCC C Cc c c 

c due c 

CCX c« C-CCC c 



~ < C c 
(C € C 



c<<meccccc cc 

C OcCC O C '" jl CJC 

C^CCcCiCC c.<^- 
c cccg-c c c c ^ c cc: ^ c < 

<s cce;c cc <c 

OcT^X CC CT c -vC CjC Cf C C 

«_ CCcgfC cc C cc^c < 

S c^V r c cr<cc-jc C€ -c cx: : c 

i V c cere - x «^c^ec?.rcc ce„ 



c CC 



: d <: <' C 

'\^ 

> ..cc ■ 

r « -c ■:- 

w: cc: 
<LC 



V S ^^ ^ 

c - C eve C 
c^C C<. 
= r ^< cc 
ccc <jC 

= c fX CC 

c^c c<-^ cr 
-C-C^c cc 
c C 



C Ce 



c i 

Q.i 

< 

c c 
C€ 
c<? 



c c <;■« 

c c cl«: 

CL c ctccc 



: c c c 
:: J 
c c 

cc 
m cc 

CC ....CC, C CCC' 

S CC c c cc 
ctcccc czcccc c ccy ^©KC cc c o rccfe 



Cl C CC^CCxC cr c o- oxm 



C< CC CCCiiC 

c ccc c 

CC ^CJCU c_><. 

C c<ccc 

cc C-C<c' <-- 

c cccc-c^ •, 

Ccc c_ 

_ - v «iC 
- tf ,- <r :&r c < c 



:r. c c t 

CC <3*< 

Cc 

c : ^^^^C C< 

cvC^^C C> 

cCl.C r C.C- 
c c C ( e "C 



^CCcssK c 

CC c 

VCc- CC f 

'ccccc ..< 

CCC;<^,:c 

" c C CCjC v 

CC C"«LC< 
"" CC CJ- .<K... 

" cc C:. 4 

_ ~*-<r 

mSc«T c 
^C cc C d 

cc ccc c 

CC CSC 
<C ccc 

or ccc 



c cTc 

c cc 

( cc 

. < c c 

: Ct 



CC : v c 



C c c 

cr c c 

" Cc c d:^ 

cr. ^ 

CC; 



ccc C;c 



: 'C c c c 
c C C C~ Cc C<3 
.--c <c C cc <'r::. 

q ,.jc c c cc < <:.-•' 
C C 
Q c cc Cv 

C. '< c c-c« c 
CC Ql 

k-V V~S ' • c C ,- 



>-£* 



< cc 



c c 

.C CC' C5 



CC CCC 
(C CCC 

tc c<c 

cC' ' ' 



c 



c c c C 



C^ c cC 

^C C c< 

c ^^ ce- 
re «*r 



^C c 

sc CC c cc^ccc 

iS VS cccccc 

% CC c ex Cc< 

-SC CkC. c C3l 

. c< - c c^< c CC . < 
cc c c <-■ v cc 

cc C-C 

^ «jc cc . mc 

CC CC5C^CZCC cc 
c c cc c ccc ccc c c 
C C< CcC Ccc. < 

CCC C C c c 

C c _ ccc c c 



<c 

r c 

cc 
cc 



CcC C 

^ cc cccc 

C«C Co(C 

C C.CCCC 

c «c c<c j 

c c ccc c 

c cC Cc 

. C <C C r 
< ^C C ' 



: c -s C «^<r c < 

< ■ c 4C c< <r c 

ccccc c c ccc C C 
^ cc .cc c C pec c^ c 
r ecu C CC CC <C^ C 

- ((fc < CC <C-C <L v - « 

gr^Cr / c C i CC Ccc Ccc 
CCt Ccc C ^SC C«: C; C C 



C ^CC^c - 
CcC^C 



J" Cc c. 

Icij 

cc c c c 

c c c 

c 






THE 



Metric System. 



DETAILED INFORMATION AS 



TO LAWS, PRACTICE, ETC. 



New York : 



AMERICAN METROLOGICAL SOCIETY, 
'i 

1891. 



CONTENTS. 



A Concert of Nations. 

B International Metric Convention. 

C Difficulty of Adopting Metric System. 

D Reasons for Adopting Metric System. 

E U. S. Official Reports. 

F 

Scales of Plans. 
G 

H Metric Equivalents of Old Units 

J Graphical Conversion, and Official Abbreviations. 

K \ The Metric System in Government Business. The Blaine Bill. 
L J U. S. Statute Legalizing Metric System. 

M U.S. Public Land System. 

N Metric Railway Curves. 

O Imperial Wire Gauge and Miscellaneous Units. 

P Extracts from Report by Supt. U. S. Coast and Geodetic 

Survey to the Secretary of State, Sept. 16, 1889. 
Resolutions passed by A. A. A. S., August, 1890. 



A 

CONCERT OF NATIONS. 

1821.— Extracts from Eeport to House of Representatives, dated 22nd Feb., 1821, on 
Weights and Measures, by John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State. House 
Doc. No. 109. 19th Cong., 2nd Sess. 

" Perhaps when the spirit which urges to the improvement of the social condition of 
man, shall have made further progress against the passions with which it is bound, 
and by which it is trammelled, then may be the time for reviving and extending that 
er'merous and truly benevolent proposal of the constituent national assembly of 
France, and to call for a concert of civilized nations to establish one uniform system of 
weights and measures for them all." ******* *** 

* * "Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland were actually repre- 
sented in the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences to accomplish the purpose of the 
national assembly." ************** 

* * "Two reports upon the whole result were made to the class, one by Tralles, of 
the Helvetic Confederation, the other by Van Swinden of the Netherlands, two of the 
foreign associates who had been invited to co-operate in the labor, and to participate 
in the honor of the undertaking. These two reports combined by Yan Swinden into 
one. were then reported from the class to the general meeting of the institute, and by 
that body, with all suitable solemnity, to the two branches of the national assembly of 
France, on the 22nd of June, 1799, together with a definitive metre of platina, made by 
Lenoir, and a kilogramme of the same metal, made by Fortin." ***** 

* * "The spectacle is at once so rare and so sublime, in which the genius, the science, 
the skill and the power of great confederated nations are seen joining hand in hand in 
the true spirit of fraternal equality, arriving in concert at one destined stage of im- 
provement in the condition of human kind; that not to pause for a moment, were it 
even from occupations not essentially connected with it, to enjoy the contemplation of 
a scene so honorable to the character and capacities of our species, would argue a 
want of sensibility to appreciate its worth. This scene formed an epocha in the his- 
tory of man." 



1884.— The following table, translated from p. 162 of the published Proceedings of the 
International Committee of Weights and Measures for 1884, is dated at Paris, 
October 1, 1884, and signed by the President of the Committee, General Ibanez, 
(r*. Spain, and the Secretary, Dr. Ad. Hirseh, of Switzerland. Its meaning is 
explained by Article 9 of the Metric Convention of 20th May, 1875, and Article 20 
of the annexed regulations, from which it is seen that in the column of co-ef- 
ficients, 3 means that the use of the metric system is obligatory; 2, optional; l, 
not yet legalized. 

Table of the shares to be contributed by the several states for the International Bureau of 
Weights and Measures for the year 1885. 



Contracting States. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Co-ef- 
cient. 



Factor of 
Distribu- 
tion. 



Annual expenses, 

100,000 francs. 
Unit 105 fr. 04 c. 2 



1. Germany 

2a. Austria 

2b. Hungary 

3. Belgium 

4. Argentine Republic 

5. Denmark 

6. Spain 

7. United States of America. 

8. France. 

9. Great Britain and Ireland. 

10. Italy.. 

11. Peru 

12. Portugal 

] 3. Roumania 

14. Russia 

1 5 Servia 

16a. Sweden 

16b. Norway 

17. Switzerland 

18. Turkey 

19. Venezuela 



45,194,172 

20,136,283 

15,508,573 

5,635,452 

2,000,000 

1,980,675 

24,456,468 

50.000,000 

42,403,892 

35,172,976 

28,209,620 

2,699,945 

5,400,000 

5,000,000 

93,144,454 

1,600,000 

4,577,783 

1,900,000 

2,831,787 

32,024,000 

1,784,194 



136 

60 

47 

17 

6 

2 

73 

100 

127 

70 

85 

8 

16 

15 

93 

5 

9 

6 

8 

64 

5 



952 



F. 



14,286 

6,303 

4,937 

1,786 

630 

210 

7,668 

10,504 

13,340 

7,353 

8,929 

840 

1,681 

1,576 

9,769 

525 

945 

630 

840 

6,723 

525 



Total 421,660,274 

Sweden's coefficient is now 3. 

Japan has acceded to the Metric Convention of May 20, 1875. 



100,000 



B 

METRIC CONVENTION OF MAY 20TH, 1875. 

The following are articles translated from the convention signed at Paris, May 20th. 
1875. by the plenipotentiaries of most of the leading governments of the wor.d, the 
United States being one. It may be found in Vol. XX of the U. S. Statutes at Large, 
p. 709. 

ARTICLE 1. 

The high contracting parties engage to establish and maintain, at their common 
expense, a scientific and permanent international bureau of weights and measures, 
the location of which shall be at Paris. 

ARTICLE 3. 

The operation of the international bureau shall be under the exclusive direction 
and supervision of an international committee of weights and measures, which latter 
shall be under the control of a general conference for weights and measures, to be com- 
posed of the delegates of all the contracting governments. 

ARTICLE 6. 

The international bureau of weights and measures shall be charged with th*t fol- 
lowing duties: 

1st. All comparisons and verifications of the new prototypes of the metre and kilo- 
gram. 

2nd. The custody of the international prototypes. 

3rd. The periodical comparison of the national standards with the international 
prototypes and with their test copies, as well as comparisons of the standard ther- 
mometers. 

4th. The comparison of the prototypes with the fundamental standards of non- 
metrical weights and measures used in different countries for scientific purposes. 

5th. The standarding and comparison of geodesic measuring-bars. 

6tn The comparison of standards and scales of precision, the verification of which 
may be requested by governments or scientific societies, or even by constructors or men 
of science. 

ARTICLE 9. 

The entire expense of the construction and outfit of the international bureau of 
weights and measures, together with the annual cost of its maintenance and the ex- 
penses of the committee shall be defrayed by contributions from the contracting 
states, the amount of which shall be computed in proportion to the actual population 
of each. 

BEGULATIONS. 

ARTICLE 7. 

The general conference mentioned in article 3 of this convention shall be at Paris 
upon the summons of the international committee, at least once every six years. 

It shall bo its duty to discuss and initiate measures necessary for the dissemina- 
tion and improvement of the metrical system, and to pa«s upon such new fundamental 
metrological determinations as may have been made during the time when it was not 
in session. It shall receive the report of the international committee concerning the 
work that has been accomplished, and shall replace one-half of the international com- 
mittee by secret ballot. 

The voting in the general conference shall be by states ; each state shall be entitled 
to one vote. 

Each of the members of the international committee shall be entitled to a seat at the 
meetings of the conference. They may at the same time be delegates of their govern- 
ments. 

ARTICLE 20. 

The contributions referred to in article 9 of the convention shall be paid according 
to the following scale: 

The number representing the population, expressed in millions, shall be multi- 
plied by the co- efficient three for states in which the use of the metrical system is ob- 
ligatory : by the co-efficient two for those in which it is optional ; by the co-efficient one 
for other states. The sum of the products thus obtained will furnish the number of 
units by which the total expense is to be divided. The quotient will give the amount 
of the unit of expense. 

ARTICLE 22. 

These regulations shall have the same force and value as the convention to which 
they are annexed. 



c 

DIFFICULTY OF ADOPTING METRIC SYSTEM. 

The one real objection to adopting: the metric system is that to make any improve- 
ment in our accustomed practice is difficult and troublesome ; it is very much easier to 
let things slide. This difficulty can be overcome in business in the United States, as 
it has been overcome in science in the United States, and in business in Europe and 
South America. As an example of the former, the metric system has been completely 
adopted within the memory of the present generation in chemistry, from which it 
naturally works into use in assaying, metallurgy, pharmacy and medicine. Examples 
of the latter are mentioned in the discussion on British and Metric Measures which 
took place in the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, January, 1885, as follows (Pro- 
ceedings Inst. C. E., Vol. lxxx, Part II. Reprinted in Van Nostrand's Engineering Maga- 
zine, Vol. 33 for Sept. -Nov. 1885. See pp. 238, 241, 331, 388.) 

Mr. Percival Fowler said, "he could speak from practical experience that in Spain, 
in a week, the workmen became thoroughly conversant with metres, centimetres, and 
millimetres, and he was certain that the difficulty of changing the English system of 
weights and measures to the decimal system had been greatly over-estimated." 

Mr. Hamilton-Smythe said, " In Austro-Hungary, for instance, the metric system 
was extensively used by engineers for their own convenience for some years previous 
to its general introduction. It had become the interest of contractors and workmen 
to make themselves acquainted with the terms of measurement, in which the plans, 
specifications and bills of quantities supplied to them by their employers were ex- 
pressed, and thus through the medium of the working class a knowledge of the system 
had been extensively spread through the mass of the people before the system was 
made legally compulsory for the purposes of general commerce." 

"Mr. C. L. Hett remarked that in 1870 the Butterley Company obtained the contract 
for the Dordrecht Railway Bridge, and he had prepared the drawings for the steam 
cranes, scaffolding, etc., required in its erection. As the piling and superstructure of 
the staging had to be erected by a continental contractor, the drawings were made to 
metric measures. Drawing scales were ordered with the most generally used gradua- 
tions on one edge, and corresponding metric divisions on the other. By the use of 
these scales all difficulty was overcome, and rapid progress made. The drawings of 
the bridge itself were prepared in Holland, hinder the supervision of the Dutch Govern- 
ment engineers, and were dimensioned in metric figures throughout. But in the works 
there was an outcry. The men at first said they could not, and would not work to such 
outlandish dimensions. The purchase of a few metric rules, however, settled the dif- 
ficulty; and after a fortnight's practice, one of the old hands who had been most op- 
posed to them, admitted that the metric measures were much the easiest to use." * * * 
" It should be mentioned that no member of the Butterly staff nor any of the workmen 
had had any previous experience of metric measures." 

" Mr. F. Briffault pointed out two instances that had come under his notice in con- 
nection with two foreign water-works where the decimal and metric systems alone 
were used. The Brazilian Government had been supplied with 95,000 tons of pipes and 
connections from this country for the water- works of Rio de Janeiro, this quantity being 
divided between four manufactories. The castings were all weighed in kilograms, the 
weighing-machines having been made expressly for the purpose. At first the men did 
not take kindly to the innovation, but at the end of a fortnight, after finding out the 
great saving of trouble thereby effected, they much preferred this system to the Brit- 
ish." * * * "In the case of the Constantinople water-works, similar satisfactory re- 
sults had been obtained by the use of the decimal system ; but in Turkey the advantage 
of it over the British system was even more marked." * * * " the reduced lengths were 
measured in metres and centimetres, and the maximum weight allowed per lineal 
metre being fixed, the two had but to be multiplied together, and the result was metric 
tons and decimal parts of the same." 



1J 



HE A SONS FOE ADOPTING METRIC SYSTEM. 



, It is decimal, and there- 
fore (as is illustrated by 
the annexed example) it 
has the same advantage 
in arithmetic that deci- 
mal money has over Brit- 
ish pounds, shillings and 
pence. 



2. ItS UNITS OF LENGTH 
BULK, WEIGHT, ETC., ABE 
SIMPLY BELATED TO EACH 

otheb. This gives a great 
advantage over the ir- 
regularly related or un- 
related old units (as shown 
by annexed example.) 



What are the contents in 
cubic feet and inches of a 
bin 

8 ft. 4 in. long, 

5 ft. wide, 

and 2 ft. 5 in. deep? 

8 ft. 4 in. == 100 inches. 
5 ft. = 60 inches. 



6,000 
2 ft. 5 in. = :z9 inches. 



1728) 174,000 CU. in. (l00 
172,800 

1,200 

Answer: 
100 cu. ft., and 1,200 cu. ins. 



What are the contents 
in cubic meters and deci- 
mals of a bin 

2M meters Ion?, 
1.52 " wide, and 
80 centimeters deep? 



2.5 

0.8 

2.00 
1.52 

Ans. 3.04 cubic meters. 



Suppose a bin is to be filled with vegetables, grain or coal. 



How many bushels does 
it hold if its cubical con- 
tents are 174,000 cubic in- 
ches? 

There are 2,150.42 cubic 
inches in the TJ. S. bushel: 
but call it 2,150. 

2150) 174000 (SO. 98 
' 1720 v nearly. 



2000 
1935 

165 



Answer: 

81 bushels APPBOXIMATELY. 



How many hektoliters 
does it hold if its cubical 
contents are 3.04 cu. meters? 

There are 10 hektoliters 
in a cubic meter ; hence by 
moving decimal point one 
place we have 



Answer, 30.4 hektoliters 

EXACTLY. 



3. It is INTEBNATIONAL, and 

intercourse between na- 
tions has increased so 
that it is now as import- 
ant to have the same 
weights and measures us- 
ed in different countries, 
as it was a century ago to 
have the same used in dif- 
ferent parts of one coun- 
try. Even non-metric na- 
tions afford illustrations 
of thi^. 



For example: 

The testing machine furnished by Riehle" Bros., of 
Philadelphia, for the Russian government arsenals at 
St. Petersburg, was graduated according to the metric 
system, 45,000 kilos on the main beam and 1,000 kilos on 
the small auxiliary beam. 

The agreement between the United States and Great 
Britain, signed at Washington, June 18, 1880, for increas- 
ing the limits of magnitude of packets exchanged through 
the post between the two countries, uses the gram and 
centimeter, and contains no reference to any other unit 
of weight or measure. (U. S. Statutes at Large, v. 21, p.768) 



The following is an extract from the report of the Congressional Committee on 
Coinage, Weights and Measures, Hon. Alex. H. Stephens, Chairman, printed in Report 
No. 53, H. of R.. 45th Cong., 3rd Sess., and reprinted in Report No. 14, H. of R., 46th Cong.. 
1st Session. 

"Indeed, the metric system has received the support of statesmen and the earnest 
sanction of scientists both in the New and the Old World for the past half century or 
more ; and we cannot therefore longer treat with indifference the numerous appeals 
that are being made to Congress, from time to time, by the scientific and business men 
of the country, urging the adoption of the system in such departments of the govern 
ment, at least, as have the largest relations with those countries and nations which 
have already adopted it in whole or in part, as an earnest of our purpose to adopt it in 
whole in all government transactions, so soon as our people are educated up to that 
point in its use that they will prefer the new to the existing system." 



jt: 



U. S, OFFICIAL REPORTS. 

The following is an extract from the report of the Congressional Committee on 
Coinage, Weights and Measures, Hor. John A. Kasson, Chairman, printed in Report 
No. 62, H. of R., 39th Cong., 1st Sess., and reprinted in Report No. 14, H. of R„ 46th Cong., 
1st Session: 

"Chambers of commerce, boards of trade, manufacturing associations, and other 
voluntary societies and individuals, will be induced to consider and in their discretion 
to adopt its use. The interest of trade among a people so quick as ours to receive and 
adopt a useful novelty will soon acquaint practical men with its convenience. When 
this is attained— a period, it is hoped, not distant— a further act of Congress can fix the 
date for its exclusive adoption as a legal system. At an earlier period it may be safely 
introduced into all public offices and for government service." 

The following is an extract from the report of the Congressional Committee on 
Coinage, Weights and Measures, Hon. Alex. H. Stephens, Chairman, printed in Report 
No. 53. H. of R., 45th Cong., 3rd Sess., and reprinted in Report No. 14, H. of R.. 46th Cong.» 
1st Session : . 

"From the survey we have been able to make of the more recent progress of this 
metrologieal reform in the more civilized and enlightened portions of the globe, we are 
irresistibly led to the conclusion that the metric system of weights and measures is 
destined to become in the near future universal among all the civilized nations of the 
world. Its adoption in the United States, and its obligatory use in all the government 
departments, is believed to be by many a fixed fact at no very distant day. As an ear- 
nest of this fact, we call your attention to the accompanying reports of the several 
heads of the executive departments of the government, as to the periods of time it 
would be advisable to adopt the system in their several bureaus." 

The reports mentioned in the preceding sentence are referred to in the following 
article which appeared August 30, 1879, in Engineering News, Vol. VI, p. 278. 

"The following tabular statement exhibits the estimates of various public officers 
as to the time required for the introduction of the metric system into branches of the 
government service where it is not yet used ; but Gen. Meigs and Commissioner Wil- 
liamson deprecate such introduction into their respective bureaus: 



Time. 



Department. 



Officer. 



Immediately 

Long enough to ) 
distribute orders j 
Long enough to I 
furnish stand'rds ) 
f 

lyear •{ 

{ 

1 year 

1)2 years 

Less than 2 years 

Less than 2 years J 

2 years 

2 years 

3 years 

5 years 

12 years 



Post-office . 

Quartermaster's 



Navy. 

International commerce, 1 
postal service, unsurvey- I 
ed public lands, inter- \ 
nal revenue and govern- I 
ment transportation — J 

Ordnance 

Post - office 

Customs postal system, 
coinage and all inter- 
national transactions... • 

Postal purposes, coinage 
and customs • 

State 

All administrative transac- 
tions 

General Land Office .... — 

Engineer Corps 

Customs and the collection 
of taxes upon spirits 



F V. Hayden, TJ. S. Geologist. 
M C. Meigs, Q. M. General. 

R. W. Thompson, Sec'y. of the Navy. 

J. W. Powell, in Charge U. S. Geo- 
graphical and Geological Survey, 
Rocky Mountain Region. 

S. V. Benet. Chief of Ordnance. 
D M. Key, P. M. General. 

Benj. Alvord. Paymaster General. 

{ E B. Elliott, Chief Clerk of Bureau 

I of Statistics. 

W M. Evarts Sec'y. of State. 

{ J K. Upton, Chief Clerk of Trea- 

I sury Department 

f J. A. Williamson, Commissioner of 

the General Land Office. 
A. A. Humphreys. Chief of Engineeis. 
( J. E. Hilgard, in Charge U, S. Coast 
I Survey Office." 



F 



SCALES OF PLANS, (extracted from En 



p-5 

© p- 

B © 

ct- P 

2. 

© O 

►— <rh 

P ^ 

© 

B 2. 

CD mj 

CD 5 

p §• 
»i © 

© CL 
CO 

• & 
© 

O 



B $ $ 
g. tr e. 

Ct- H-l. — 

o »•< 



a. st to 



© CD 

jo. © 

P*"S 

S CD 



CO CO 

IT" 



£L © j=f 

a ® 

B 5 

p © 

>— • <-f 

P 
c?3 



p . 
p © 



© CO 

p 



■^ -O J-. CD 



© ^ 



o © 
„ i-l o 

» g 
*B c? 
*3- p 
QO £". ©' 
5" p 2- 

© W !T 

a a? 

co P 
© en- 



s' P 

P n 
p<2 

2. o 

B S 
p ?0 - 



_ p* 

p- © 

p B 

"" © 



o 

P 
P CO _j 

5 £ 5 

ct P P 
3" ©* 

p b a 
t> p - 
™ £* 

§ P K3 

=-- P> E- 



p 



P* ££ ° 

cd °/ & 

« ® a 

co 



3 



© (P? hj 
-t © © 
- i-i 

~ P E- 

!— . ct- n. 

O m © 

co 2,g 

p 



CO 



' B 
2 p* 3. 

P w 

p p 

I © Mrs 



P 

© 
© 

* ° 

* P 
< 
© 
P 

* P 



o 

* 

© 
•a 
i-t 
© 

© 
P 

ct- 

P 

* (JQ 

e+ 

o 

p 

CO 



g 3 

P fcc- 

P» P. 
© 

ct p- 
P* 
© CO 

e£ 

5* 5" 

1 B 

2 co 

P rt 
© 

S 3 



5! p 

02 ^ 

P CO 

CO rt- 

© P 

rt- d 

P* ^ 

© P-b 

g S 

R ?° 

© © 



* p 

* © 

<1 Pj 
<1 © 

P"fl"; 

D 

P- 

© 



B © 



£ 3 

CD _, 

CO B 



P 



rh 


fee 


P* 


© 


© 


>-! 


P 


© 

P 


P 





CO 

* 5T 

* CO 



ss-a 



-I 

P >1 

HJ p 
© g 

P tt 



P^ M> O 

© C* P 

S ® g 

B p CD 



B s-p - 



p 
p 

CO 

2* ® 
tr co 

rt- P 
P* P 
P & 

«■ M. 
M. O 

CO l-s 

4 p 

© a 

O & 

3 & 

co o 

© ■-*■ 



© C 
P © 

I? 

p; 

©' 
i-3 p 

co & 
© 

3 S" 

o 

>-* 

© p. 



ts2? 



p © 



"< Sr 



e+ CD 

© a 



(tJO ?P 



© 

P 



B 

© J<5 

P P 

© T 



co © 



5*5. 



p 

CO © 

© o 



B 5 



o 

CD 

P 1 I— 

p 

- 



O 
P 



CD CD © 

P ^ 5. 
© © 



P £P 
^ -*. C5 

- C ° 
g-w P 

CO 



CO •"* 

p < ® 

P" S* 

o h-. P 1 

Hj et- © 

o 2. ® 

Egg. 



C3 



X 





»^- 


o o o 


£• 




O 
P 


p 5' 

CO ££ 5 


° B 
p 2. 




co 


tr © 


CO ►— 






S3 © Pj 


pt ' 




O 


exampl 

ton. e\ 

re meti 


•-<» B 




p* 
© 


ct- © 
P* © 
© t-j 




O 


co 
© * 






h-. CD ® 
© >t _* 






P 

P 


^ CD 
^ «>■ CO 


P&' 


CO 

n 


•"J 


B-BB- 


S^ 




B 
© 

ct- 

1 


B-p Bs 


© 1 


O 


h- _ © 
© i 

P 2 e? 


ct 

p 
Hp 


^g 


© 


KH n 


P* P. 


o 


»^ 


"^ S "■ 


© p 


p 
5" 


CT © w 

31 S ?8 & - 


DO 


CO 


ppp 


© P 

P. S 




P 
P 


1 ct ct 




P- 


^^ p* 




ct- 


© OT p 


2 "P 




^ 




p sr 




n 


^ ° OS 


C5 2 




© 

OB 


g"5:B 


© CO 
^ 2 






Isf 


M> »i 












ct- CO < 






P ^B 


cr p 
© a" 






& m,cd_ 


CO P- 






2 S 1 * 


cr p. 






i Q 01 


■ i 



Coast charts. Town maps. Kailways, canals, etc. Sectional plans of cities 



H-l 


CO 

to 

o 


to 

o 
o 


1^ ►-» 
© to 

© 00 




© 
O 


00 

© 


© 

.1- 






© 


co 
to 




to 

© 


© 


to 


© 


© 




en cn 
to O 

00 O 

O © 


CO 

co 
© 
© 


2112 
2500 
2640 


© -i 
© © 
©o 


© 

© 


CO 

to 

© 


o 

OT 
© 


© 00 
© 00 

© © 


oo 

© 
© 


© © 
© © 
© © 


OT OT Ift. 
tO © 4^ 
00 © © 


© 
© 


CO CO 
CO © 

o© 


to 


to I-" 

© © 

© oo 


© 

OT 


co 
to 


>-> 

© 00 
O CO 



am m h « *h m 

a oi u a a o a 

erei» «-o;^o>-a-o>^ 

C O Zi O" O O O 

a a a :■ a o o 



M O M Crt iH H © tW 

/: =. i-. c o ta o c 
zz-zzz-zz 



Ml Ml H H 



* a -K a ci « a cFoFhFoT m"©" 
qamaaqaciaao no 



a a a a a « a a a a a 



» oi © ox-or 

- = C Sl 01 



©©©©©©©©©0©©©©©©©©©©©©©0©©©©Op©©©©©©©OQ 
O © © © © © © = — OOSCOOOC:©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 
©000©©0©©0©©©©00©©©©©©0©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©H» 



© © © 

© o © 
o © © 

OOOOoOOOOOOOooOoOOOOOoOOr-Mi-iHHMH'Mi-itOUitwMtOCOCtf*-*-*.©- 
HHm- MtOtOlOCOCOW^Ort^T-^-OTOT©- ©rj0000©©©tCICC0OTOT©X©©OTOT-JOM-O'-'tO©© 
OtOWWoicoiOiOMWCoH <l COOWOi*0&3i(-0*-OiasQtiO-lC-.o» caw «w«~i cttn \«tf a ens. 
'rf , -io ceiu «•"-►""(•- v <i'2o> «» «m x '»^*; ^fte>» eBH> to^snx ooo^Ktau osi coa wx <az to© 



© OT 



S3 i -- 



G 



SWS of Jane 14, 1879, and April 19. 1884.) 



P* 
s 

o 



05 



03 

o 

®§ 

CD 
O . 
P 

CD 



P * * 

p *2. 
S * 2 

I** 

& & Ms 

Ms C| CD 
el- <! Ms 
CD m. CD 

^ gs 

CO P 

CS 

3 ? 



4 



CD 



o p 



CD | 

QD p, 

C5 o 

£.P 

° rt 

M. p* 

® R 

3 I 

o o 

ID P 

CD 03 



03 
CD 
5 2 



«4 go 

CD o- 

£ CD 

98 ct- 

CD O 

CO i-J 



o © 

" Ms 



P 4 

S-'g 4 

CD 

P* ?? 
CD © 



p P 

o 



B <l O) 



o 2. 

el P 
O _ 

is- 

b e 

O P 

p * 



P M. 



CD P 

2B et- 

m CD 

^ P 

Ms Pi 

O CD 

m. p, 



P" ° =L 
P- l-b or 

P^ CD 2L 



P rt 
° P 



<1 Pi P E£ 

O S g ~ 
2. P 1 cq 

P B 03 § 

P 



P- 



>8 8 



p-s 



» B a 

_ ® * 

5* p ° 

P rt M- 



B p*o 

CD r-i P 
03 £j ® 

PP g- 

M g P* 

'-' Pi ~. 

0,0 

ST. «h ^ 

Sal 

CD 

03 



" P 

„ CD 1 

? O C 

P CD 

o ®* tf 
P — o 

rt C Pj 



H3 
p-o 

CD p 



gL O P- 



CD 
CD P 



B 
P.5' 



f CD 



3 
O 

CD * 



w 



p 3 
p - 

M. p 
p p 

a Pi 

rt o 
O w. 



. P* P 

CD CD M 

p O CD 

■"* O T* 

O r* 2 

P^S] Ml 

-4 if CD 

CD !L. cc 



1 S * 

P O ^ 
- .. CO 

^ ^ *p 

CO - 

S p 

CO * 83 P 

a* P < 

p •<! H5 CD 

5. ei- © P 

t- P* h-. H 

S»Pg 
O h-j o 

o So ® 

w ^ I-" Hi 

p « 5. 2 
§ 5 



g3 « 

13. p 

p 03 



So 

CD ® 



en 



Ml et- (-» 

? f^i 

Xpo 

P O Q5 

H P g 

03 M 
P el- h. 

« SP o 

B p p- 

SB -3 ' — i 

p a^ 

Oj C 

CD x} JzJ 

H. CO 2. 

2 p^ S 

O CD 5 

M "P 

K MS ^ 

g 3 S 

2 C5 m. 

g S". P 

p^ODQ 
- P CD 

as 



03 O 

tJ M- 

P CD 
O CO 

CD 

o o 

P M- 

M P* 

B CD 

•§ B 

&£ 
mi 

Ol 



CD =- 

•P 03 

CD M 

03 p 
CD 



POPS. 

H. 4 ft S 



o ^ D P 

M- O - P M 



P 

a p" 3 

jz q n OQ CD CD 

a s O (j 4 

P| M CD P 



M- 2. 

P M. 



CD 



p- CD 

CD e«. 

!3 P^ 

CD g 



O 

p ».. 

© H 4 

M » 3 •-* 

P^ 03 P 

CD ij- CD 

02 2 P 

CD P P 



P "3 
P P- 

^u p 

a- 03 

go < 



03 M. 
03 CO 

P B 
P 

03 g 

P M, 

cTg 
o £ 

Ms £. 

'<=> 2. 

o "^ 

00 05 

f" CO 

cs 

p 

|> CD 
CO o 
p l ~ fi 
P b 

OS 

P" O^C 

CD M . 

4 03 

(3 P 

m- CD 
P 05 

M vd 

-^ 

p 5 

M-® 

£, P 

Fl 03 

CD H- 
w p 

H. W 

P TO 

1 CD 



M- m. M. r+ 

P* ■ _ p 5 

CD ef. H m- 2 



„ p 4 

M ° S 
P i— i CD 

I? PC 

b-« a 

o cd 3 

CD H. CD 
l-j » 02 

co* g: p 
So g 

S? P M 

rt g. 05 
et- C t— ' 
O rt CD 

P rt O 



2 H 

2 f? 



03 



P* o 



o 

MS rt 

p p p 

st p'B 



® p"© 

O rt • 

rt O rt 

^ m- O 

CO Srf. 
i-S M er 

^ CD © 

P- M, - 

55 2 5! 

M O ° 
rt M P" 



p B 

0K5 CD 
g3 p 

s s 

03 CO 

P 
P 
Pi 

■d 

P 



3» 

P CD 
O ^ 

ST 

p- p 

CD OQ 

et- «-t- 

o h _. 
p " 

CD CD 
i_. CO 

03 O 

P. B 

P 



P CD 

<j O CD 

P P CO 

*-t rt rt 

3' » 5 

rt w P/ 

*< tJ ^ 

CO CD O 

P M "» 



P 

■P ^ 

B B 

a o 

I— I M 

«< 3 

rt- CD 

o S- 

p S 

< p 

^ 03 

^ P 

P M. 

M CD 

Pi P 

M O 

P m' - 



3cD g^ 

o.P o 

CD rt CO 

M Ci 

P (_■ p 

rt J) h 

w, ^S CD 

O JQ CO 
H, CD 



O 

£< o ip 

•— « P- 

O CD g 

£B g 

K P co 

p ep- 

P CO o 
>-s 1 3 

vrf _^ <j 

^ rt m 

° Bfrt 

P S P* 

^2 s B 

P rt rt 

o p- p 

o ^ S 
co p * 

CD 2- 
mH rt 03 



ind plans. Working drawings of buildings, machinery, etc. 



K iX 



X 



K 



Mt I* CI Ml 
WImiHmOImSH 
Ol C| Ol Ml 



ioroi| M iH K Ci M ffil M tsl H ol M <»\ WH*s\«*\ 



DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOMMMitOl*W 

5iOOOOOOOOOOOHHl-"Mt3UMC0lM^W0)fll(»00Ob0!!lOOlO 
0t0b0t0C0lf>-if»-WCn05-a0000OO0XWOOOMOMOOt0OWO«"OOOO 

son^ooHOkJooooX 3«> ^ we " ^ ^ ^ ^ 



W01 C]<1 



o o 
o o 

CO H^ 



Use. 



mC. 
p CD 


M.P 

CO 4 

o 

Ms 


ogo 

rtCD 


Miles. 


o^ 

m CD 

cdP 

TO 


Rods. 


Feet. 



With l for nu- 
merator. 



b 

CD 

O 

B 

p 



cfo 



Q 

P 

co 
H 
O ■ 

M 
(> 

s 



Msrj 
P P 

^rt 

£.o" 
?o 



Metric. 



I 



U 

> 

b 

S; CO 
^ Q 

S. fe=J 

IC5 



H 



> 
- 
o 





O 
CO 

•3 
cr 

CD 

o 



« 
o 

d 

13 

•d 

cd 

© 

S3 
C 

H- ■« 

G> 

c? 

O 



drJ Whi^ 

CD O !-J<5 O 
^pg^d 

. - . d 
- * - :a> 



o 



ft ©©m^oi 

• - • • 

£© 



d 
a 

O 

PS 
a- 



PT£ 



XT' 



o 

CDd 
•1 CD 

iQ CO 

»p d 
*i p 

o® 
gB 



1 — ' v • i 

■ u lO«ol 

P> O O W -1 to 

o oi &? ft; o* oo 





^ 


4 


i 

M 


H 


O 





» 


M 


H 


H 


* 






W 


b 


03 


hd 


CI 


[i. 



W 

.o 

d 



-d 
*d 

d 

o3 



MM 
■ I 
MM 



WcT 



oo 
K d 

;CD 
1 
>-J 

d 
.d 
*d 

d 

do. 



MM 
O O 

o o 

et-r-h 
>0 cf 

°2 

Qjd 
CD 



.S3 
: d 

a. 
e© 

M O 

w 



o o 



*fr'S" S'n' ^ 



~B 
o ® 

i-s 3. 

83 C5 

B~ 

CD O 

® 7 

: B 

rt- 

CD 
4 



M 

o 



oo to od-3 

00 2 K5 OS 



p 


S" *5 


<! 
© 


o ^ 


>-i 


o d 


O 


N 


N 




: 


: P 
d 

OS 3- 


u 


u 


e 


• 






© 




ft 




M 




1* 




"8 2, 




P K5 


* 


§ ^ 




OD g 



5. g d* o 

tt o6 
d p 

tare 

m s : s 
ft »9 

e e m 

eeesi 

• • • 

B 

CD 

« - « CD 

.--,-( 

CD 



° p 

- : p 

o e m 

19 

O C5 
^ m» CD 

=» CD q 

m cj- d 

h2® 



£5 t* — — , _. 



Oi o o en 



M 


_». 


*■ 




m os 




J<3 


2: 


M 


N 


e ® 


M 


►1 


m 


o 


•— • (— < 


<n 


o 

00 


—1 


cr 


CD 


cr cr 


o 
(3 
d 


CO 
cr 
O 
d 


—I 
o 

2: 


uu 

rt- 


c-t- 
P 


cT ^ 
^ p 










cr ^+ 

d cr 
^ d 


P 










>— • 


d 


* 


- 


; 


- 


* » 


& 






W 


M 


W M 




M 


o e 

• 


61 


ft a o 




CO 








#k 


: 


m 








61 

o 




—» 






w 


i-b 



M 

Q 

a 



o l-> 



M O 



i— o • 

if- X hi- 



. . . ■ ■ cT 

o ;, g w oi 

CO 00 i— 1 CO 

00 OS —1 OS (3J 



w'2~ & d 
go nrPr 

CD 

B& 

CD >->. 
"^CO* 



2 m> CD 



OP 



08 

ft (0 OS 

• • . 

ft 



p 



p 
^ d 

& 

P© 

CD fc, 
61 



a 

d 
cr 

a 

B 

CD 
CD 



aa 



to o 

WW 



CO -~ — 



M - - 



co p 
■Q C5 



-i w 



O p 
3 ° ' 
O 



CO 03 

id p 



M 



ft? 

# *■ 

d- - 
a 2, 

p 



e 



^ A S M 
° © 61 



P 

: d 



©.©ft 

ae * _ 

* O 



CO 



oo fc h- en 

to rt^- . tc 
to -a -a to 



CD rj- 

CD R 



CO tD |L 
Ol fi ™ 

H tO m 



N 
G> 
O 



^ 



^© d d 
cr 



09 
ft 




cr 



2"S"« 2T 

P f= d- 
&2:3 p 
Bo© & 

CD ""^CD 
p CO <^ 

03 d* : : 

P"5" 

g» 

Pi 

"I M .© © 

CD 



PS 

- 2! 



© U 



d 
o 

tr 

P 
d 



X 



&i 



didi 

5*ef-Q 

fjoB 

sr^ cd 
2 ° i 
2w» 



CO ^ 



to o H 



OS ci Ci -^ 






& 




R 




-s 




S 




e 


k 





t« 


s 


L ^ 


cs. 


fc(1 


^ 


o 


^ 


b 


CO 

Co 


N 



ft 3 

2. 



a 



■a 



r- . - -■■ - 

DIAGRAM OF EQUIVALENTS. 
(Adapted from a German periodical.) 


OLD UNITS. 
12 3 4 




















' 












/ 




















/ 






/ 




























/ 




4 

3 co 

y- 

z 

o 

1- 

LLl 

k 

1 
















/ 














r 




















/ 




/ 




























/ 




















/ 












i 




















/ 




/ 




























/ 






















/ 












i 


















/ 






/ 


























/ 








/ 


























/ 




















/ 




/ 










































/ 








/ 












/ 


















/ 




/ 




















































/ 












/ 


















/ 




V 
































/ 












/ 








/ 










/ 


















/ 




































/ 
































/ 
















/ 


































/ 














SP 






^ 










i 


















/ 


























/ 








/ 
















At 
















1 
















/ 


/rl 




















/ 


/ 


















fci 








I 










i 


















fa 






















/ 


























si 






K 


1 




























w 




















/ 




/ 






















# 






u: 
in 


/ 






£/ 




















$ 
























/ 
























zf 






*$ 






t 
















<t 




i 


























/ 


























oi 






J 






^/ 












A*/ 




















































5fc 




Q 






^ 














^ 


A 


i j 






















/ 






























^Q:^ 




$ 




-/ 














c? 




/ 


<y 














rt? 








^ 






























2] 




nl 




W 












iv 


^ 




/- 














/ 








/o 




























. 


67 




2: 






o 














-r 


^ 












o?/ 






/,* 










/ 








•^ 


V 












co 3 


$ 


°/ 




>/ 












#/ 


/ 


"* 












<f>> 






/^ 








.<£v 






^ 


l ^- 














t- 


it 


$1 




W 










.1*71 J 


53^ 










*> 






4. 

<s- 


f 








^^ 






<* s 


















z 


*r 


<*/ 




#/ 










% 


n/<y 










4>, 






X 








^> 






\' 


ir 




















3 


r 








t 










£\/ 


\* 












-y 






<^ 






, 


$ 


Y 






-<v 


<fr 
























-& -^ 




(! 


) f~ 










*/ 




fk 












""^T 




'k 








( 


,\j 


p 




^ 


^ 
























O 


*j : 


7 






I 










/ 


/# 










/ 


W 


j 


{<? 






A 


»s 






k 


■* 






























57 


/ 




/ 










/ 


A" 










& 




k 


X 






C-, 


f 










, 


























cc 


^Z -4 






/ 








* 


/ j 


ft 


> 








f #l 




/* 


f 


- 


\\ 


& 


/ 






/ 

xV 


J- 






























>- 


1— 

uj -): 
2 2— c 


zt 4- 






/ 








/ 


/< 


i 










/I 






C 






4 


^ 




































».t £ 






/ 






/ 


















y" 


<<H 


*& 


^ 


, 


'\ 


$ 






































» H r 




1 








', 


/ 












/ 


) 


s 1. 


'Y 




4* 


K 








































J _/ 




1 






/ 


/ 














/ 


& 






A 


[. 


'<. 


\* 














































7 7 


/ 








/ 














/ 


■\ 






/ 




W 
















































f I 


/ 






f, 


/ 












/ 












y r i 


r 
















V 


\^ 


o 




























J 


^ r 


/ 






'/ 












/ 












# 


K- 
















^VH 
































- 


-1 7- 








/ 










/ 










AS 














>\ 


* 


> 




































r 


t L 






/ > 










/ 










<T 


i> 












?? 


J! 






^ 


d 


s 






























_j 


t. 




/ 


/ 






/ 


/ 










oC 


^ 




















* 


■$. 
































± 


rz 











/ 


/ 








/r 


$ 




















$ 


o 


' 












\°i 






















i i 


1_T 


/. 


/ 




/ 


/ 






y 


^ 


















6* 








.- 


^ 


e 


■\fc-l 
























1 i. 


f -l 4 


/ 




/ 


*? 








<* 




















^ 










-** 


■# 


^ 


;t 






























n 


-t-,t 






// 








































? 


c£ 




































c_ 


tit 




/, 


/ 


/ / 












































































7, 


'--t-* 


// 




// 














































































=J# 


$--£ 




'a 


' 




















































X 


A"E" 


ret 


[s 




















4V, 


£#* 














































s^ 


T> 


-J 




of 


hP 




















iz? 


^2^ 


































00 


f 7 ? 


o 1 


j> 


D 


3 
































lz^ 


?f ^ 
































F 






































Is 















































































































































































12 3 4 
OLD UNITS. 




OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS 
(Extracted from Engineering News of April 8, 1882, and July, 8, 1882.) 


LENGTH. 


AEEA. 


BULK. 


WEIGHT. 


Kilometer km. 
Meter m. 
Decimeter dm. 
Centimeter cm. 
Millimeter mm. 
Micron m. 
= .001 mm.) 


Sq. kilometer km 2 . 
Hektar ha. 
Ar a. 
Sq. meter m 2 . 
Sq.. decimeter dm 2 . 
Sq. centimeter cm 2 . 
Sq. millimeter mm 2 . 


Ster s. 
Cu. meter m 3 . 
Hektoliter hi. 
Dekaliter dal. 
Cu. decimeter dm 3 . 
Liter 1. 
Deciliter dl. 
Centiliter cl. 
Cu. centimeter cm 3 . 
Milliliter ml. 
Cu. millimeter mm 3 . 
Microliter K 
(=.001 ml.) 


Metric ton t. 
Metric quintal q.. 
Kilogram kg.. 
Gram g. 
Decigram dg. 
Centigram eg. 
Milligram mg 
Microgram y' 
(=.001 mg.) 



K 

THE METRIC SYSTEM IN GOVERNMENT BUSINESS. 

The metric system is already used in the U. S. Marine Hospital service, in the 
foreign business of the Post-office, in the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and to some 
extent in the Geological Survey, the Mississippi River Survey, the Mint, the interna- 
tional weather charts and bulletins of the U. S. Signal Service, and the reports of the U. 
S. Census of 1880. (See foot note about experiments on American woods, on p. 435 of 
Trautwine's Engineer's Pocket Book, 22nd thousand, 1885) 



MR. BLAINE ON THE METRIC SYSTEM. 

The President, July 10, 1890, transmitted to Congress a letter from Secretary 
Blaine, accompanied by a report on weights and measures, unanimously adopted 
by the International American Conference. The Secretary, in his letter, says : 

This report recommends the adoption by the United States of 
the metrical decimal system of weights and measures, which is now 
in use by the governments and people of all the other American 
republics and most of the nations of Europe, and which is already 
authorized by the laws of the United States. The adoption of this 
system in the customs service would, it is believed, greatly promote 
the public convenience, and I beg leave to submit for the considera- 
tion of Congress the draft of a bill for that purpose. The draft 
referred to reads : " Be it enacted, that on and after July 1, 1891, 
•the metric system of weights and measures authorized by the act of 
Congress approved July 28, 1866, shall be used exclusively in the 
customs service of the United States." 



The following is an extract from the report of the Congressional Committee on 
Coinage, Weights and Measures, Hon. John A. Kasson, Chairman, printed in Report 
No. 62, H. of R., 39th Cong., 1st Sess., and reprinted in Report No. 14, H. of R., 46th Cong., 
1st Session. 

"In concluding this review of the agitation of and action upon these questions in 
the United States.it only remains to add that the House of Representatives of the 
Thirty-eighth Congress, at its first session, established, by an amendment of its rules, 
a standing committee to take jurisdiction of this great reform. As efforts to carry that 
reform into effect had hitherto been spasmodic, rather than consecutive, it waa 
thought proper thereafter to crystallize them through the action of a permanent com- 
mittee, before whom they should perpetually reappear until this conceded great desi- 
deratum should become an accomplished fact." 

That standing committee now has fourteen members, and ranks among the prin- 
cipal committees of the House. To it are referred all petitions for the introduction of 
the metric system. Any citizen who desires legislation as proposed, or otherwise, can 
send his petition to his representative, addressing House of Representatives. Wash- 
ington. D. C to be so referred. 



REVISED STATUTES OF U. S. LEGALIZING METRIC SYSTEM. 

Sec. 3569. It sball be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and 
measures of the metric system; and no contract or dealing, or pleading in any court, shall be deemed 
invalid or liable to objection because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are 
weights or measures of the metric system. 

Sec. 3570. The tables in the schedule hereto annexed shall be recognized "n the construction of 
contracts, and in all legal proceedings, as establishing, in terms of the weights and measures now in use 
in the United States, the equivalents of the weights and measures expressed therein in terms of the me- 
tric system; and the tables may lawfully be used for computing, determining, and expressing in cus- 
tomary weights and measures the weights and measures of the metric system. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



Metric Denominations and Va ues. 



Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 



Myriameter. 
Kilometer.. 
Hectometer. 
Dekameter.. 

Meter 

Decimeter.. 
Centimeter. 
Millimeter. . 



10,000 meters. 

1,000 meters. 

100 meters. 

10 meters. 

1 meter. 

1-10 of a meter. 

1-100 of a meter. 

1-1000 of a meter. 



6 2137 miles 

0.62137 mile, or 3,280 feet. 10 inches 
328 feet, 1 inch. 

393 7 inches. 
39 37 inches 

3.937 inches. 

3937 inch. 

0394 inch 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



Metric Denominations and \ alues. 



Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 



Hectare 10 000 square meters. 

Are 100 ■ quare meters. 

Centare 1 square meter. 



2.471 acres 
119.6 square yards 
1550 square inches 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



Metric Denominations and Values. 


Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 


Names. 


Number 
of 

Liters. 


Cubic measure. 


Dry measure 


Liquid or wine 
measure. 


Kiloliter or Stere 

Hectoliter 

Dekaliter 


1,000 
100 
10 
1 
1-10 
1-100 
1-1000 


10 cubic decimeters 


1.308 cubic yards 

2 bush and 3.35 pecks 

0.908 quart 


26417 gallons. 
26 417 gallons. 
2.6417 gallons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gill. 
0.338 fluid ounces. 
27 fluid drams. 




1-10 of a cubic decimeter, 
1 cubic centimeter 


6 1022 cubic inches 

6102 cubic inch 







WEIGHTS. 



Metric Denominations and Values. 



Names. 


Number 
of Grams 


Weight of what quantity of water 
at maximum density. 


Quintal 

Myriagram 


1,000 000 

100 000 

10 000 

1.C00 

100 

10 

1 

1-10 

1-100 

1-1000 


10 liters 


1 liter 




l-10of a cubic centimeter 


Milligram 





Equivalents in Denomi- 
nations in Use. 



Avoirdupois weight. 



2204.6 pounds. 

220 46 pounds. 

22 046 pounds. 

2.2046 pounds. 

3.5274 ounces. 

0.3527 ounce. 
15432 grains. 

1.5432 grains. 

0.1543 grain. 

0154 grain. 



( Approved July 28, 1866. ) 



M 



U. S. PUBLIC LAND SYSTEM. 

In the report of the meeting. Nov. 6, 1878. of the Civil Engineers' Club of the North- 
west (now Western Society of Engineers) is the following, which is in substance 
identical with the presentation of the subject that has been made by various other 
persons. 

"Mr. Greeley then gave a blackboard illustration of the method of applying the 
Metric System to the U. S. system of survey of public lands, and their division into 
sections. 

The simplest form of a section of land, and the one most nearly approximating to 
our mile section would be the rectangle of 1,600 metres for the section.or the equivalent 
of 5249.6 feet ; that divided into quarters would give 800 metres for the quarter ; that di- 
vided again would be 400; and that- again into the sixty-fourths, which is the smallest 
division known to the government, would be 200 metres. The difference between the 
1,600 metres— 5,429, and the mile 5,280, is only about 31 feet and a fraction, which is con- 
siderably less than the allowed limit of error in our government surveys." 

PLAT SHOWING THE BINARY SUBDIVISION OF A METRIC SECTION OF LAND. 

1C00 m. 5249.6 ft. 



800. m. 
2624.8 ft. 



400. m. 
1312.4 ft. 



400. m. 



. 


200 


m. 


200. 


to 

. — 


a 






656.2 ft 


o 


o 
© 








B 


c^ 
















200. m. 


- 










o 


ft 










d 








B 


<M 


200. 


m. 







400. m. 



800. m. 



800. m. 



1600 111. 

The Metric System in Surveying, 

rmation about th<> use of the metric system In surveying, Illustrated by dia- 
grams of implements used, etc., Las been published as follows: 

In Vim NostranoVs Engineering Magazine, Vol. XX, p. 880 (May, 1879), Report of Com- 
mittee on Metric System to Boston-Society of Civil Engineers, presented Mnrch r.>. ihto. 

In Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies. Vol. II, pp. 321-328 (Dec. 1883\ 
papers presented to Boston Society of Civil Engineers, !><■<•. 19, 188 3, 



N 

METRIC RAILWAY CURVES. 

The table below was printed in Engineeeing News October 13th, 1883, and modifi- 
cations of it were published in the 1885 editions of Henck's Field-Book for Eailroad 
Engineers (p. 273) and Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book (p. 728.) Use 10-meter 
chords. Stakes 20m. apart want to be designated by alternate numbers as 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., 
making the dekameterthe unit of numeration, and marking eaeh kilometer with an 
exact hundred. Designate curvature by the angle at circumference subtended by 20 
m. chords ("tangential" angle, of Trautwine and Shunk, " deflection" angle of Henck 
and Searles,) which is the same as the central angle subtended by the unit of numera- 
tion. Length of curve according to stake-numbering, if multiplied by this designating 
angle, gives the total change of direction made by the curve. 



1 

< 






i 
U 

O 


Deflection 


Middle 


Quarter 
point 


bh in meters 
iKC of des- 
ated num- 
of degreos. 


< 


A 






A • 




O ;> 

CD O 


Radius 
in 

Meteks. 








ORDINATE 

at distance from 
end of chord 




B~! 






B ® 
O 


. 


2^ 

^ ° 




§ 


from 
tan- 


from 








. 


g 




1 


§ 


o 


s 




'* 


gent. 


chord. 


of 10m. 


of 5 m. 


h\ 


o 


9° 10' 


ok' 


3437.75 


3.5362745 


.058 


.116 


.015 


.011 


10.0000 


O°10' 


20' 


i' 


1718.88 


3.2352463 


.116 


.233 


.029 


.022 


10.0001 


20' 


30' 


IK' 


1145.93 


3.0591581 


.175 


.349 


.044 


.033 


10.0001 


30' 


40' 


2' 


859.46 


2.9342237 


.233 


.465 


.058 


.044 


10.0002 


40' 


50' 


2K' 


687.57 


2.8373192 


.291 


.582 


.073 


.055 


10.0004 


50' 


1° 0' 


3' 


572.99 


2.7581447 


.349 


.698 


.087 


.065 


10.0005 


1° 0' 


10' 


3K' 


491.14 


2.6912059 


.407 


.814 


.102 


.076 


10.0007 


10' 


10' 


4' 


429.76 


2.6332231 


.465 


.931 


.116 


.087 


10.0009 


20' 


30' 


±K' 


382.02 


2.5820810 


.524 


1.047 


.131 


.098 


10.0011 


30' 


40' 


5' 


343.82 


2.5363351 


.582 


1.163 


.145 


.109 


10.0014 


40' 


50' 


5%' 


312.58 


2.4949553 


.640 


1.280 


.160 


.120 


10 0017 


50' 


2° 0' 


6' 


286.54 


2.4571808 


.698 


1.396 


.175 


.131 


10.0020 


2° 0' 


10' 


6K' 


264.51 


2.4224340 


.756 


1.512 


.189 


.142 


10.0024 


10' 


20' 


r 


245.62 


2.3902659 


.814 


1.629 


.204 


.153 


10.0028 


20' 


30' 


ik' 


229.26 


2.3603204 


.873 


1.745 


.218 


.164 


10.0032 


* 30' 


40' 


8' 


214.94 


2.3323107 


.931 


1.861 


.233 


.175 


10.0036 


40' 


50' 


SK' 


202.30 


2.3060020 


.989 


1.977 


.247 


.186 


10.0041 


50' 


3° 0' 


9' 


191.07 


2.2811998 


1.047 


2.093 


.262 


.196 


10.0046 


3° 0' 


10' 


9K" 


181.03 


2.2577414 


1.105 


2.210 


.276 


.207 


10.0051 


10' 


20' 


10' 


171.98 


2.2354889 


1.163 


2.326 


.291 


.218 


10.0056 


20' 


30' 


10K' 


163.80 


2.2143247 


1.222 


2.442 


.306 


.229 


10.0062 


30' 


40' 


11' 


156.37 


2.1941477 


1.280 


2.558 


.320 


.240 


10.0068 


40' 


50' 


UK' 


149.58 


2.1748701 


1.338 


2.674 


.335 


.251 


10.0075 


50' 


4° 0' 


12' 


143.36 


2.1564155 


1.396 


2.790 


.349 


.262 


10.0081 


4° 0' 


10' 


12'^ 


137.63 


2.1387167 


1.464 


2.906 


.364 


.273 


10.0088 


10' 


20' 


13' 


132.35 


2.1217146 


1.512 


3.022 


.378 


.284 


10.0095 


20' 


30' 


lB'K 


127.45 


2.1053567 


1.570 


3.138 


.393 


.295 


10.0103 


30' 


40' 


14' 


122.91 


2.0895961 


1.629 


3.254 


.407 


.306 


10.0111 


40' 


50' 


UK' 


118.68 


2.0743911 


1.687 


3.370 


.422 


.317 


10.0119 


50* 


5° 0' 


15' 


114.74 


2.0597040 


1.745 


3.486 


.437 


.328 


10.0127 


5° 0' 


20' 


16' 


107.58 


2.0317513 


1.861 


3.718 


.466 


.349 


10.0145 


20' 


40' 


17' 


101.28 


2.0055032 


1.977 


3.950 


.495 


.371 


10.0163 


40' 


6° 0' 


18' 


95.67 


1.9807654 


2.093 


4.181 


.524 


.393 


10.0183 


e° o' 


20' 


19' 


90.65 


1.9573751 


2.210 


4.413 


.553 


.415 


10.0204 


20' 


40' 


20' 


86.14 


1.9351943 


2.326 


4.644 


.582 


.437 


10.0226 


40' 


7° 0' 


21' 


82.06 


1.9141055 


2.442 


4.875 


.612 


.459 


10.0249 


7° 0' 


20' 


22' 


78.34 


1.8940076 


2.558 


5,106 


.641 


.481 


10.0274 


20' 


40' 


23' 


74.96 


1.8748128 


2.674 


5.336 


.670 


.503 


10.0299 


40' 


8° 0' 


24' 


71.85 


1.8564447 


2.790 


5.567 


.699 


.525 


10.0326 


8° 0' 


20' 


25' 


69.' 


1.8388361 


2.906 


5.797 


.729 


.547 


10.0353 


20' 


40' 


26' 


66.36 


1.8219279 


3.022 


6.027 


.758 


.569 


10.0382 


40' 


9° 0' 


27' 


63.92 


1.8056676 


3.138 


6.257 


.787 


.591 


10.0412 


9° 0' 


20' 


28' 


61.66 


1.7900083 1 


3.254 


6.487 


.816 


.613 


10.0444 


20' 


40' 


29' 


59.55 


1.7749082 | 


3.370 


6.717 


.846 


.635 


10.0476 


40' 


io° 0' 


30' 


57.59 


1.7603298 1 


3.486 


6.946 | 


.875 


.657 


10.0510 


io° 



o 



The Imperial Standard Wire 
Gauge (below) was established by 
the British Government from 
March 1, 1884, (and mentioned in 
Engineering News, Vol. X I , 
p. 101 for March 1, 1884). but the 
best practice is to specify wire by 
diameter o r weight, disregarding 
gauge numbers. The following is 
copied from Appendix No. 3 to the 
Weights and Measures Report, da- 
ted August 5, 1884, made to Parlia- 
ment by the Board of Trade, which 
also gives inch values: 



© 

iSri 


bi > 


a a . 


©•-* . 


"H © CO 


+3 © 

P 


+3 -I- 3 CO 

© CI u 
fj cc © 

S-2S 


S Q 53 

O ©+3 

go o 1 ^ 


No. 






7-0 


1.2700 


1.2667 


6-0 


1.1785 


1.0909 


5-0 


1.0973 


0.9456 


4-0 


10160 


.8107 


3-0 


0.9449 


.7012 


2-0 


.8839 


.6136 





.8229 


.5319 


1 


.7620 


.4560 


2 


.7010 


.3858 


3 


.6401 


.3218 


4 


.5893 


.2727 


5 


.5385 


.2277 


6 


.4877 


.1868 


7 


.4470 


.1570 


8 


.4064 


.1297 


9 


.3658 


.1051 


10 


.3251 


0.08302 


11 


.2946 


6818 


12 


.2642 


5480 


13 


.2337 


4289 


14 


.2032 


3243 


15 


.1829 


2627 


16 


.1626 


2075 


17 


.1422 


1589 


18 


.1219 


1167 


19 


.1016 


0.008107 


20 


0.0914 


6566 


21 


813 


5188 


22 


711 


3972 


23 


610 


2922 


24 


559 


2452 


25 


508 


2027 


26 


457 


1641 


27 


0.04166 


1363 


•28 


3759 


1110 


29 


3454 


0.0009372 


30 


3150 


7791 


31 


2946 


6818 


32 


2743 


5910 


33 


2540 


5067 


34 


2337 


4289 


35 


2134 


3575 


36 


1930 


2927 


37 


1727 


2343 


38 


1524 


1824 


39 


1321 


1370 


40 


1219 


1167 


41 


1118 


0.0000982 


42 


1016 


811 


43 


0.00914 


1 656 


44 


813 


519 


45 


711 


397 


46 


610 


292 


47 


508 


203 


48 


406 


129 


49 


305 


0.0000073 


50 


254 


607 



MISCELLANEOUS UNITS. 

K.ILOMETEBS. 

1 Admiralty knot is 1.853 

1 grade (rhv of quadrant or 0° 54' sexagesimal) 

of longitude on equator is 100.2 

of latitude at equator is 99.5 

of " " pole " 100.5 

(mean length) is 100.0 

Earth's circumference (meridional) 40007.5 

polar semi-axis 6,356.515 meters. 

" equatorial semi-diameter 6,378,249 meters. 

ratio 292.465 : 293.465 
(according to last portion of Col. A. R. Clarke's ar- 
ticle Geodesy in Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 9th Ed. 
vol. X, p. 172). 
Earth's radius in round numbers, 6,360 kilometers. 

1 atmosphere is the pressure of a column of 76 centi- 
meters of mercury at the temperature of melting ice at 
Paris, v-jhere it is equal to 1.0333 kilos on a square centi- 
meter. 





At sea level. 




Acceleration of gravity 

in meters per second... 
Length of seconds pen- 


At equa- 
tor. 

9.7810 

0.99103 


At 
pole. 

9.8311 

0.99610 


Taken 
as 

9.81 

0.99396 







C. G. S. units of Committee of British Association 
for the Advancement of Science. 

Fokce.— The dyne is the force which, acting upon a 
gram of matter for a second, generates a velocity of a 
centimeter per second. 

Woke.— The erg is the work done by this force act- 
ing through a centimeter 

Poweb.— The unit is the power of doing work at the 
rate of one erg per second. The watt is the power of 
doing work at the rate of 10.000.000 ergs per second. 

Varying with gravity the weight of a kilogram is 
about 981,000 dynes ; the kilogramoter is about 98.100,000 
ergs ; and the horse power is about 7,460,000,000 ergs per 
second, or is about 746 watts. The dynamical equiva- 
lent of a unit of heat, or the work required to warm l 
gram of water from 0° to 1° centigrade, is 41,553,000 
ergs, or about 0.4235 of a kilogrameter. 

For ELECTBiCAii measurements, the Centimeter, 
Gram and Second are adopted as the fundamental 
units. The resistance known as l ohm is intended to 
be 1,000,000,000 absolute electro-magnetic units, and 
therefore is represe&ted by a velocity of 1.000,000,000 
centimeters (one earth quadrant) per second. The 
legal ohm was fixed by international convention in 
April, 1884, as the resistance of a column of mercury i 
square millimeter in cross-section and 106 centime- 
ters long at the temperature of melting ice. 



EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF T. V. MENDENHALL, SUPER- 
INTENDENT U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, TO SEC- 
RETARY OF STATE, SEPTEMBER 16, 1889. 

* * Tnree of the South American states, namely, the Argentine Confed- 
eration, Peru, and Venezuela, are now parties to the convention of 1875 establishing 
the Bureau. 

* * A common system of weights and measures has been legalized 
throughout Central and South America, and it cannot be doubted, since its use has 
been made obligatory by the principal South American states, that it will prevail 
there to the exclusion of all other systems. 

In concluding this report the following recommendations are submitted for 
consideration : 

That the Congress shall recommend — 

(1) That the desirability of promoting the establishment of an International 
System of Weights and Measures be recognized as a principle of action in legis- 
lation. 

(2) That the decimal or metric system shall serve as the basis of unification. 

(3) That all nations not already parties to the Convention signed at Paris, May 
20, 1875, establishing an International Bureau of Weights and Measures, shall 
become parties thereto. 

(4) That the aggregate statistics of International Commerce shall be, where it is 
not yet being done, published also in metric equivalents. 

(5) That all invoices shall be made out in metric weights and measures, where 
weights and measures appear, as far as they relate to the commerce between the 
nations participating in this Congress, and that the above table* of equivalents 
shall be recognized as legal by the nations taking part in this Congress in convert- 
ing the customary weights and measures of the United States into metric weights 
and measures in making such invoices. 

(6) That metric weights be used exclusively in the mints. 

RESOLUTIONS PASSED BY THE A. A. A. S. 

Resolved, That the American Association for the Advancement of Science desires respectfully 
to call the attention of the United States Congress, in both branches, to the favorable consideration 
of the introduction into the tariff measures now pending, of a statement of all items of weight or 
measure in terms of the metric, as well as of the ordinary system. 

That the Association also most earnestly indorses the resolution already introduced, and now 
awaiting the action of Congress, recommended by the Pan-American Congress, providing that the 
metric system be exclusively used in the Custom Houses of the United States after July 1, 1891. 

That the said measures will constitute a powerful auxiliary in familiarizing the people with the 
use of the metric system, and in reinforcing the previous efforts in that direction so favorably 
regarded by previous Congresses. 

That the Association feels that in these recommendations it has the cordial support of intelli- 
gent and educated men in all portions of the Union, irrespective of political party or opinion. 

That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the Chairman of the Senate and the Speaker 
of the House, the Chairman of the Finance Committee and the Chairman of the Committee of Ways 
and Means. 

A. A. A. S-, Indianapolis, Aug., 1890. 

* See page L. 



OBJ EC TS _AR I _S HOW H _ J f_ _N AT URM SIZE L P APER _ 



MILLI- MEANS 
CENTI- » 
DECI- " 



.001 
.01 



DEKA- 
HEKT- 
KILO- 
MYRIA- 



10. 
' 100. 
• 1000. 
10 000. 



METRIC SYSTEM 



/L IF M ® IT EO 



I THOUSANDTH OF THE EARTH'S QUADRANT OR 10000 METERS MAKE I MYRIA-METER. 

(mumr n wkoies mil 1000 METERS MAKE I KILO-METER. 

100 METERS MAKE I HEKTO-METER. 

10 METERS MAKE I DEKA-METER. 



A ® S ' £ 




I SQ. MYRIA-METER IS 10000 HEKT-ARS l«iour«™«i».riu 

I SQ. KILO-METER IS 100 HEKT-ARS 

I SQ. HEKTO-METER IS I HEKT-AR OR 100 ARS I 

I SO. DEKA-METER OR 100 SO. METERS. IS I AR 




LEGALIZED FOR OPTIONAL USE BY U.S.A. 
GREAT BRITAIN AND POSSESSIONS 
NOT BY RUSSIA NOR MONTENEGRO; 
ADOPTED IN PART BY KINGDOMS OF 
DENMARK AND GREECE AND AS A WHOLE 
BY THE REST OF EUROPE AND POSSNS 
AND THE OTHER AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS. 



METER 



10 DECI -METERS 
100 CENTI -METERS 




I 

10 

100 



CUBIC 



CENTI - METER OF \\ ' It H I GRAIVJ 

10 
100 






IN U.S. SUBSIDIARY SILVER COIN THE WEIGHT OF $0.04 
a a i, a a a a a $040 

» ** a « " " » <i $4.00 



1000 CU. CENTI-METERS 



1000 GRAMS! 




-GRAM 



$ 40.00 



I DEKA- LITER 
( -"-""— ' | HEKTO-LITER 
iisra mii kilo-liter o R| CUB | C METER„ 



IOCU.DECI-METERS 

100 » •» 
1000 » •• 



"10 KILOS OR I MYRIA-GRAM 

.|. « 100 » » I METRIC QUINTAL- — 

_Q!F WATER W E I G H S 1000 _ j» » JMjrRJC JQHjLLI^i^JlL^m- 



I METROLOGICAL ! 



* 




> > > > -) > 
> > I 

> --> D > 2 

\ "* > > 

■■> > > > 5 

> ) 3> > > ; 

> 5> > 3 

> » > > - 

> > 



> ^v> 3 3 



3 > » > 

>> V > 

> >:> >^> ^> 



3 y^ "-^p^ ,7 > > 

>>»>>>) ^ ? ? v >?i>> y 

■3;> 3P >>:•"» 

. >> .>> ^ > ' ' - 
O » > » » ^ > ^ >>■■#> 






j> » > 






V2> > 
> > > 



12*. >> 






> >o > 



^ ■> : 






> > > 

& » > 



>?> "> 






» > r^"> 



^\ > > > > >^ >) 

> > y ■> y ) ) > \»3p > 

>, f > j> 3 > >» >^ > > > 

•> > >4 

• > m > > 5? 



- 

- 






» > 



> 



^ 3 




23F> 



i 

"> J* > 

-- :> 
> > > > 



• 









) 3 V > > 












i)T^ 






>^ j> 



> > 



> > 

> > 

> > 



:> o > :> ); 

^ o > > >> ■.). 

> > > > 

> >■ > > > > 

^ > ^ > > ^ v 

:> >3 > *> > - 

^-> >> > > > > > 3 



:u » • >^ 

y>) yy 

o j > y > >^> > ) 

>> > > > > 35> ^ ) 
> > > > > > ^>3> 3» > 
' -» > > ■ :> 3 3 v*> v^> 

^3 5 > > 

yy > 2) ) 

> > >j 

"> > >) > 

>0> "> 
> 3» > 

^> ^> )> > 

>> > > ■> 



3. >v))> 






> > 
» > > 









5F3T>7>> 



3 ~y?im>& 3> i> *il^L< 



^5>33^ > 3 >S3>33 » ^ 

»33 j> > ^> >33333 3> ^ 
> \ 33 > 3 >^9 ~y> > 32> >33^3 3:> "3> 

> / do 333 3 y x> 3>3)>3 > 3j 

i >3 >33 j> 3> • >J> 3m> .> >> . 

> 33) 3> 33; r>->-o>».'j 33 i 

i >3"3S>3>">'> 33»->33 

> 3> 333 3> » ) > 33> ;> 3 i t . ; 

>3> >3>3>3 »_r 



333>5S>. 

3)»>> 5: 

>3>l>3>. 

5 f>lP - 



'v>'-ft>^> 



>3 D^> 3 > 



33 » -3> 



3 ^* » 3> 

> 3 3 330: 

^33 333 

3> 3> 3D<2> 
"» 3> »)3 ^ 

3> 33 "* 

!> > >3 

► 3> 3>3 

^> >:> 

3 :>t 

3 3 3 3>3 



\ 331*3,3 33> 

>33 



> 



2 > >n 

3 >>^ 

3 * 3 3» 



3 3 

> 3 



> m 3 ,-^-3* 3,3-3 >< 33^ >33> 
3>3^^ i>33333 > s 3t 3 3 

<v-^ ^JO^ 3>- > ~3H* S 3> 

^ i> 33 »33 y 3 33 ) 3 

333»>3> > 3 3> , 
X>3 Jp^»i>?> 3; s> 33^33; 

f£*£>r£~< 4\33ji>3>3-. > 33 o: 






>>>3 >3 
.3> 



J» > >->. 



3» 3 r »> 



. 3» ^ 



,3)> ^J 
> > 

yyyr 

- >' y- 



> > > >I> 

> 3^ 3^> 

"> yyr>> >^ 

> 33 > >^> 






3» J^)^>^) 33 > 3^> 
[>^3)>>3 > 3> 3 3D 

3^^>>>-3^ ,> >5 )^jK>*)3i\^ 3D 3>3 >> 

^^,n^ ->^vsV!*r)B 33 \> 3^33-3 3.^ 

3 >?> 3> >> >) L>3 ^> '> > 

31> £> >).^at3.:>0 »"!> >>-Ll^fc ^ 
»^^T> » .» >>^>3j:3 J>3 ; >, 2> 

^ - 23 » 32^»ti > 33 3> !> . 






>^ 3 "» »>: 



3 ^>;>>S)> 3T> £> ^S>-'>5? 

3 ;>:>xt> ~» .t> '»">^ 

4> ~2£j®>> 3 - 23 » 35 

; >> 3T>£>> "■■>■> ^5~* 3~v. ■> 



J >3 J? >^;> >> ^JCSu55> >3> ^5~» 3^V^OqP^>^>3 »3> 

^ $^>^>1»^^ 3j>335P3^y3 >3 



3 ^> ^ 

:*3 33 

.JR> 3 

~» > : 
. 3> > 

3-3 33 ~ 



>^ =S>-3 > - ; ^3> ->v,x>^^^>> .-3 >» : 
3 ^ 3> 33 ^ ^ > 333 Q 3 3> 



^> > 3 

> -> > . 

3 >3 : 

g> 3 3 J) 

D 3 3 ) 

> ■ j> > ^ 
/> ^)^> 3 
3 3 > 3 

3 

,r>. j> .: 

3 ;3 "■ 



>^3 ^>j33>3>3 



I >^3^>3>, 



-3 >3~ 

^3)3 



^) 3>> 3 > 
- 33>^vx>> > >_ 

-? ; >3»3>i3 5: 

3/ 3 O) 5> 3> > 
3> » > i» 33 r 3 :> ^> ^ 
' 3. "3 33>>33-> Hj 

_3 ^ y:Px>-m>^> 33 

3' T-> >>QOv33S> v> ^> _ 
3 3 3>3 33 > 3 

3 :3) 3 3x>3>^> 3 3 _ 
• 33^ 333>3> 33 3) 

333X> 33> ^3 X> 3> 
3» » > j» ^> > 3i> 2> r 

3> >» >^S>> i>^> >> » 

3>>3^ 33)) >>3>> ^33 ^>_ 
'33 33 33 )>>> 3>3> >> 
3 \>J> ">3 3^ >> 333> ^>-> 33 ; 
3 3 >> » 3> 33> 3> 3> _ 
.3^ 3>>33> »D3 3^> 33 

33 3 3)33 1 

2E>y.iz* 3^> 3i> Xjf^i^ ^ -' ,-^L9 
^>^>^y 33> ^>^3 J> > 

z> y 3> > 3 ^ . 3 3 V> 3 i : 
■_3^ 3> 3> ":-• 0"3> 5>32 



>3 £> 3> 3 3 

. »:5> ^> '"3 3, 
S>7> ^»3» ^3 3 
>> I> 3,1> 3> > 33 v33»3>. 
> I>.-3 0^> >3333>'> 

► 3S>33>3 ! B) »3~ 

3> ^ J>_3 ^> J> 3 >^33i> <3V> 
» > ^» "i -"> > > »>3> 5> ■>- > " " 
■5> » 3> J> 33 ->;3 3XS5>^ 3^ 

;3 333 3>333^33 

3>3>3.-) 33)^3) 

i>13> 3 :0 "> 3>3>^ 



^_>-'L> 



■ 33 

3 33>^ 3 ; 

> ;->ST3W3 :3 .J-'- 

1 3 > 3 ORV »3 

.^ i > :*>- » >-•- 

1 ) 3 3 » 5 3 !> 

3< T 3g3-i \5 3 3 

3 b>i3>3 D >\ 

-3 ^3>;>5^ 3 3 3 

3 ?> }3"">3 >^»S> 

3 O 3V3 "5 

' 3 J 33» >"5 33 

3 5> > 5 >J 

3 >> >-s^*^ ^;>v» ; 

3 3> ^ 3 , s 33 

333 >;->, ^J> 

> 3 33 > 3> 33 

■',3 P 3:3> 333 
3* 3_> 3> 3 > 3 _ 

g>3> 33 33 333 3 3 

^3>3 3) >2> 3>3 33 > =3- > > 

>3>3 3 > S> 3» ; 3)3 j> 3 ' >3 j 

?5>3 3 ;> /5> 3> ^33 > 3 33 3 

^Jv^S 5. > 33 3 3 33 : 

>m> 3>>» 3 33333: 



~ 3 3 

_'^> 3 o * 3 

V-33 -3 
3)3-3 r3 



/T>3-<> '^3^ 

-33 > 3 

3?3 3> 3 3_ 

3)3 > > 3 

33 3»*> 3 

• 333r"" 

3333 >3 > 
•3)3 >i> \ 
>3>3 >3 ^ 

333 3 
3333 >333u 
- 33) 33;3. 

>33 > > 33 
X>3 3 > o :^ 



^ J5>3 3' 33 3» 
3J3t> >■ S> 

►3 > 

3 

)> 3 3> 3 S [^3 - 

33 3^>3 :2Bp"3 > > 

> 3> 3 >JT8*3 3>)J 

3 3"3>3 333KP3 " ^3^ 33 3 



^ 3 >3 3 
3 3 

> 3-3 

>3: 
. > 33 

333 
>3T> 333 



3 J>J>^ V>»> 

>■: >3> 3 >a»3 
3 >^> > 3'33>->J> 
>3 333V33 

► > 33>3> 333>33 

► 3> 3 - -3Xa3> >_> 

3 '^^> •> :so>3 

► > 33 33l>3> 
3 3 3 3>» 33 
2 3> 3 . _'3S»> 3[> 



3 ^) " 

3>J> 
3 » : 

3 3 y 

3> 3 >i 3 

»3 13 3 y 

3>. 3 33* 



-3--> 
3 3 

3,3 

> > - j 
3 3 



LIBRARY OF 




00 °3 653l 964 



(V 



